SEMESTER II
1. GRATITUDE,COMPLIMENT AND CONGRATULATION
2. SURPRISES AND DISBELIEF………………………… 2
3. INVITATION. (WRITTEN)..………………………….. 3
4. ASKING FOR INFORMATION…………………… 4
5. NARRATIVE TEXT……..……………………………. 5
6. MODALS IN THE PAS FROM……………………. 6
7. DIRECT AND INDIRECT…………………………….. 7
8. DESCRITIVE TEXT………………………………………..8
9. INSTRUDOCTORY IT………………………………….. 9
10. NEWS ITEM………..………………………………… 10.
11. FINITI VERBS……………………………………………11
12. NOON PHARES…………………………………… 12
13. SIMPLE FUTURE………………………………………………13
14. OFFERING……………………………………………………14
15. ASKING IF SOMEONE RE………………………….15
16. PASSIVE VOICE…………………………………….16
17. VOCABULURY AROUND THE HOUSE…17
18. PREPOSITION IN,ON, AND AT…….18
1. GRATITUDE
Gratitude is also called thanking. We say “thank you” when people give us something, give a compliment, wis us something, etc.
Gratitude is our most direct line to God and the angels. If we take the time, no matter how crazy and troubled we feel, we can find something to be thankful for. The more we seek gratitude, the more reason the angels will give us for gratitude and joy to exist in our lives.
Expressing gratitude
~ I should like to express my gratitude
~ thank you very much
~ thank for your help
~ how can I thank you?
~ I’m very grateful to you
~ I can’t thank you enough
~ I’m very much obliged to you
Responding
~ it was the least I could do
~ you’r welcome
~ no big deal
~ don’t metion it
~ it’s a pleasure
~ that’s all right
~any time
COMPLEMENT
1
a : something that fills up, completes, or makes perfect b : the quantity, number, or assortment required to make a thing complete <the usual complement of eyes and ears — Francis Parkman>; especially : the whole force or personnel of a ship c : one of two mutually completing parts : counterpart
2
a : the angle or arc that when added to a given angle or arc equals a right angle in measure b : the set of all elements that do not belong to a given set and are contained in a particular mathematical set containing the given set c : a number that when added to another number of the same sign yields zero if the significant digit farthest to the left is discarded —used especially in assembly language programming
3
: the musical interval required with a given interval to complete the octave
4
: an added word or expression by which a predication is made complete (as president in “they elected him president” and beautiful in “he thought her beautiful”)
5
: the thermolabile group of proteins in normal blood serum and plasma that in combination with antibodies causes the destruction especially of particulate antigens (as bacteria and foreign blood corpuscles)
Examples of COMPLEMENT
- The scarf is a perfect complement to her outfit.
- a full complement of farm animals
- her usual complement of attendants
- a ship's complement of officers
- “President” in “they elected her president” and “to work” in “he wants to work” are different kinds of complements.
- With the loss of just one American and four Japanese carriers, including their complements of aircraft and many of their superbly trained fliers … , Midway … put the Japanese navy at a disadvantage from which it never recovered. —David M. Kennedy, Atlantic, March 1999
CONGRATULATIONS
Congratulations is expression that used congratulate to someone when get a success.
Congratulations is expression that we use to give the congratulation utterance when he/she succeeds in doing something.
~ Kids of Congratulations are:
Congratulation!!!
Congratulations on your success.
Happy birthday!!!
Happy new year!!! Etc.
2. SURPRISES AND DISBELIEFS
Surprises is a feeling that we feel when heard an amazing news which surprised and amazed us an expression that we show/say when we know/hear/see something that rather difficult to believe. And now the meaning of disbeliefs.
Expression disbeliefs is expression to not believe something or someone with of reason or unreason. We can use expression disbeliefs when we don’t trust or believe something.
Asking if you believe it or not
- do you believe it ?
- wouldn’t you belive it ?
- Can you imagine it ?
- You don’t believe it, do you ?
- Do you think it’s ood that.. ?
Asking to believe it or not
- no I don’t believe
- are you serious ?
- are you joking ?
- are you kidding ?
- you must be joking/kidding ?
- Oh, no ! that’s not true!
- You don’t say!
- Seeing is believing
Telling surprising news
- guess that
- surprise !
- I’ve got news for you.
- do you know that !
- You won’t believe it !
Responding to belive it or not
- oh no, that’s not true
- you don’t say.
- really? That sound interesting.
- really? It’s surprising that…
- seeing is believing
- Good heavens.
- my goodness
- this is really a surprise
Example of surprise
Jony : “ hey sonny, do you look a newspaper today?”
Sonny : “no. I don’t. why ?”
Jony : “ I saw the newspaper that rooney can’t play in the match manchester united againt Chelsea.”
Sonny : “ relly!
Sonny : “ sure !
Jony : “ oh my God! Is not fun rooney don’t play.”
Example of disbeliefs
Shiva : “ hey guys, I can’y believe that ashe has a good score in the scam.”
Lulu : “ maybe she studied hard before she get the scam.”
Yuna : “ yeah, she right!”
Shiva : “ but I’m not sure one hundred percent!”
Yuns : “ whatever “
3. INVITATION
Invitation is the way to invite or to ask someone for goor cme to the something place. Invitation competence incule with metnodes extending, accepting and invitation.
~ the expressions to invite someone are :
1. I would like you to . . . . . .
2. we would be pleased if you could . . . . .
3. would you like. . . . ?
4.how about . . . ?
5. shall we . . .?
6. how would you like to . . .?
7. lets’s . . . .?
8. why don’t we . . .?
~ the expressions to accept an invitation are :
1. thank you ges, I would like to . . . .
2. yes, I would thanks.
3. that would be very nice, thank you!
4.all right !
5. O.K!
~ The expressions to refuse / decline an invitation are:
1. I would love to, but . . .
2.that’s nice / great unfortunately / however…
3. that very kind of you. But
4. sorry, that wouldn’t be possible. Thank. . . .
EXAMPLE
Conversation Alvin with Andy
(The expressions to accept an Invitation)
Alvin : “it’s lovely day….. isn’t it??
Andy : ”yes, it is….? So….
Alvin : ”will you accompany with me to go for basket ball??”
Andy : “that’s all right!!”
Conversation Ica with Bela
(The expressions to refuse and invitation)
Ica: “will you go to the bioskop with me to night??”
Bela :” I’d Ica to but I don’t think I can. There’s so much home work to do”.
Dear Dian………
Hii……. I want to invitation your for come in my birthday part y at :
Date: Sunday 24 june 2009
Place: jln. Anggrek no. 9
Time: 7 pm
I walt your presence in my birthday party OK….^_^
4. Asking for information
The use of WH-Questions
What, When, Where, Why, Who, How
Combined with to be
What is ……. Your name?
When was ……. He born?
Where are ………. The tickets?
Why were …………. They here?
Who are ……….. Those people?
How is ……. Helen?
Combined with auxiliary verbs or Modals
What do …………
When did …………
Where shall ……..
Why does ……..
Who might ……
How could …….
Etc
Asking for information:
I’d like to know about this novel
I’m interested in the characters
Could you tell me more about it?
Do you know the plot?
Could you find out the solution?
Could I ask about the conflict?
Do you happen to know the writer?
Etc.
5. NARATIVE TEXT
Narative text is text about story of legend, fary tanie sclence fiction and mych the purpose of narrative text are to airrose, entertain and to deal ruith actual or various experience in the different ways and create simulate, emerions,motivate, guice and teoch the read.
Generic structure:
. orientation = it sets the scene and introduces the participants.
. evaluation = a stepping back to avaluate the plight.
. complication = a crisis or aprobiea it usually involves the main chacters
. resolution = a solution the problem
. re- orientation = the and of story
EXAMPLE
Once upon a time, there lived a tittle a girl named snow white. She lived with her aunt and uncle because her parents were death.
One day she hear her uncle and aunt talking about living snow white in the castle because they both wanted to go to America and they did’t have enough money to take snow white.
Snow white did’t want here uncle and aunt to do this so she decided it would be best if she ran away the next morning she ran away from home when hwr aunt and uncle were having break fast. She ran awy into the woods.
She was very tired and hungry.
Then she saw this tittle cottage, she knocked but no one answered so she went inside and fell asleep.
Man white, the seven dworfs were cominy home from work. They went inside. There they found snow white sleeping. Then snow white wake up. She saw the dwarfs. The dwarfs said. “ what is your name?” snow white.
Doc said “if you wish you my live here whats us” snow white said” oh, could i? thank whole story and snow white and the seven dwarfs lived happily ever ofter.
6. MODALS IN THE PAS FORM
1. Could + verbs base
We use this expression:
~ to offer suggestions or possibilities.
Ajeng:” o…… gosh! My tire is flat.
Vita;” don’t worry. You could go to school with me.
~To indicate that the ability existed in the past but does’nt exist now.
Vita:” can you speak japanese?
Rosa:” wel….. I could speak Japanese when I was a kid. But I think I’m losing it now.
~ To express polite reguest.
Mr Candra:” could I borrow your pen. Please?
Receptionist:” here you are.
Mr. Candra:” thank you.
2. Might + verb base
~ Use this expression to tell possibilities
~ Use this expression to express polite request.
3. Would + verb base
~ Use this expression for an action that was repeated regulary in the past
~ Insert reather into the pattern and use this expression to express preferences.
4. Would + mind + V-ing
~ Use this expression to express polite request.
5. Should + verb base
~ Use this expression to give definite advice.
7. DIRECT AND INDIRECT
1.Direct speech refers to reproducing another person’s exact words or saying exactly what someone has said. Here what a person says appears within quotation marks (“…”) and should be word for word.
Example: Andi said “ I will go to the library.”
“I must go to the hadmaster room right now” mitha said
Rama said ” I will go to the palma with Bella this afternoon”.
“ I shall playing basket ball this afternoon in the mentikae field” adhe said.
2. indirect speech reproducing the idea of another person’s words that doesn’t use question mark to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be for word. Indirect speech is sometimes called reported speech.
Example: mita said she might go to the headmaster room right now.
Sumarni said she would go to the library.
Rama said he would go to the palma with bella this afternoon.
Rama said he should playing basket ball this afternoon in the mentikei field.
8. DESCRITIVE TEXT
Purpose = to description a particular / thing
Text organization= 1. Identification = mention the name etc.
= 2. Description = (mention the physical features, the way he/ she dresses and his/ her personality)
Language features = The use of adjectives and compound adjectives.
Ex: Dessy is brown – skinned
Debby looks attractive and beautiful.
= The use of linking verbs
Ex: she always appears young
Debby is a model from Surabaya.
= The use of attributive has and have.
9. INTRODUCTORY “IT”
Compare the two sentences below
1. While in Bali, Josh had a nice exprecience. Now he is telling his friends about it.
2. It is interesting to talk about a tourist object we have visited.
“it” in the first sentence refers to something (the nice experience). We call it personal pronaon “it” in the second sentence refers to nothing. We usually use it to introduce the subject/object we call it introductory “it”.
Example:
1. introductory “it” as a subject.
It is nice to be now you.
It is interesting that you like him.
It took me three house to repair the radio.
It appears that he might change his mind.
It doesn’t interest me whet ne she succeeds or not.
It doesn’t matter when you arrive
It wasn’t very clear what she meant
It isn’t necessary for to go to the meeting.
It is important for sinta to study hard.
It was nice seeing you
It looks as it were going to have trouble with Mr.Karim again.
2. Introductory “it” as an object
I find it difficult to tal with him about the matter.
We think it possible that they may arrive
Rio made it clear that he disagreed.
10. NEWS ITEM
Is factual text which informs the readers about events of the day which are considered news worthy or imfortant.
Social function of news item is : to infrom readers, listeners or viewrs about events of the day whick are considered newsworthy or imfortant.
Generic structure :
~ Newsworthy event (s) : recounts the events in summary form.
~ background event (s) : elaborate what happened, to WHOM in WHAT, circumstances.
~Sources : comments by participants in, witnesses to and authorities’ expert on the event.
SICNIFICANT GRAMMAR FEATURES:
1. Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline.
2. generally using simple past tense
3. use of material processes to rettel the event
4. using action verbs, e.g : were,run,go,kill.etc.
5. using saying verbs, e.g : say, tell
6. focus on circumstances
7. use of projecting verbal processes in sources stages.
There are some rules that can help to make newspaper headline more comprehensible.
1. The passive voice is used without the appropriate form of “be”
Example : Twon ‘contaminated’
Complite Setence : twon is contaminated
2. It is unusal to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used
Example :Fire destroys over 2,511 acres of forest in 2003-2004
Complite Setence : Fire has destroys over 2,511 acres of forest in 2003-2004
3. The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing oor devoloving, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out.
Example: World heading for energy crisis
Complite Setence : The World is heading for an energy crisis
4. To refer to the future, headlines often use the invinitive.
Example: Queen to visit Samoa.
Complete sentence: The Queen is going to visit Samoa.
5. Headlines are not always complete sentences.
Example : More earthquakes in japan.
Complete sentence: More earthquakes happened in japan.
11. FINITE VERB
— Definition of finite verb :
a verb that has a subject, this means that it can be the main verbs in a sentences. It shows tense (past/present, etc) or number (singular/plural), A finite verb makes an assertion or expresses a state of being and can stand by itself as the main verb of a sentence.
Example of finite verb
I cook, she reads, Anto went
Dina has eaten when Ria come in, By itself, the verb form eaten is called a non-finite verb When the auxiliary has and the non-finite verb eaten are put together, they make up a finite verb form has eaten.
Tamara was walking. Walking is non-finite and was is to be. When they are put together, they make up finite form was walking
— Definition of non-finite verb :
a verb has no subject, tense, or number. The only finite verb forms are the infinitive (indicated by to), the gerund or the participle (present/past), nonfinite verbs must ordinarily combine with a modal , an auxiliary verb, or the infinitival particle to.
Example of nonfinite verb
— Verbs ending in -ing. These are called present participles, they were cooking in Sinta’s house.
— This non-finite verb form end in -ed; many also end in en. These are called past participles. I have written my letter ( the past participle written is non-finite and can’t be the main verb).
— Talking is the children’s favorite pastime. ( talking is a gerund, verb to be noun)
I can’t afford to go out tonight
The infinitive can have the following forms:
— The perfect infinitive
to have + past participle
to have + past participle
For example: to have broken, to have seen, to have saved.
This form is most commonly found in Type 3 conditional sentences, using the conditional perfect.
For example:
This form is most commonly found in Type 3 conditional sentences, using the conditional perfect.
For example:
— If I had known you were coming I would have baked a cake.
— Someone must have broken the window and climbed in.
— I would like to have seen the Taj Mahal when I was in India.
— He pretended to have seen the film.
— If I'd seen the ball I would have caught it.
He decided to go ?
She has seen the film.
will they believe you?
Having finished their work, they left.
He was feeling ill.
He left the party feeling ill.
The girl who was sitting there has gone.
The girl sitting there has gone.
The girl has gone.
They expected it to have been cancelled.
12. NAON PHARESES
Naon phareses is a grouf of word that modify a noun.
3 structur :
Pre- modifier Head noun past modifier
~The green ~book ~on the table
~The news English ~student ~form calofornia
~The good English ~dictionary ~in the book shelf
Example:
1. the very tall education consultant with the roving eye.
Pre-modifier head noun post modifier
We can use noun phareses at these following order
1. pre- modifier + noun
2. noun+ post modifier
3. pre- modifier + noun +post modifier
~order = second,last
~location = kitchen
~source or orgen= canadien
~color = red,scented
~material = metal sook
~ size= large, s-inci
~weight= heavy
~luster = shing,awl
Example: color smell
1. a white fragrance Jasmine flower.
13.SIMPLE FUTURE
Simple future is used for describing job or action that will to do (happened) at future.
The simle future tense is often called will, because we make the simple future tense with the modal auxiliiay will.
How do we make the simple future tense?
The structure of the simple future tense is:
Subject + auxiliary verb WILL + main vrb
Invariable base will V1
For negative sentences in the simple future tense, we insert not between the auxiliary verb and main verb. For question sentences, we exchange the subject and auxiliary verb. Look at these example sentence with the simple future tense:
Subject auxiliary verb main verb
+ I will open the door
+ you will finish before me.
- she will not be at school tomorrow.
- we will not leave yet.
? will you arrive on time
? will they want dinner.
14. OFFERING
Here are some sample phrases and sentences for asking information in English.
| 1. What is this? 2. What is that? 3. What's this? 4. What's that? 5. What are these? 6. What are those? 7. Where is Mr. King? 8. Where is Ms. Knight? 9. Where's Johnny? 10. When's the movie? 11. When's lunch? 12. How is the food? | | This is a table. That is a chair. It's a pen. It's an apple. These are pencils. Those are books. He is over there. She's (right) here. He's in the house. It's at 9:00. Lunch is at noon. It's delicious. |
15. ASKING IF SOMEONE RE-REONTATION
Practice the expressions
Formal expressions
- I wonder if you remember ….
- You remember ...., don’t you?
- You haven’t forgotten ...., have you?
- Don’t you remember ....?
- Do you happen to remember it now?
Ways to respond
· Let me think, yes, I remember.
· I remember especially the scenery.
· I’ll never forget that.
· I’ll always remember.
· I can remember it clearly
Informal expressions
· Remember the old house we used to live in?
· Remember that?
· I’m sorry, I don’t remember.
Ways to respond
· Hold on. Yes, got it!
· I know ….
· It’s coming back to me now.
Response if you forget:
Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.
I’m afraid I forget.
I really can’t remember.
I’m afraid I have no memory of him.
Err, let me think. No, it’s gone.
Sorry, it slipped off my mind.
16. PASSIVE VOICE
Passive voice is the kinds of a sentences that used when the focus is on the action. It is not known, however, who or what is performing the action.
Example: my bike was stolen.
In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen.
When you’re rewriting active satences in passive voice, note the following:
1. the object of the active sentences becomes the subject of the passive sentences
2.the finite form of the verb I changed (to be+ past participle)
3. the subject of the active sentence becomes by Agent in the passive sentence ( or us dropped)
4. only a active sentence containing object whuch can be changed into passive form
5. the two forms should have the seme tenses.
Note:
~ in passive voice,the subject is active voice and the object is the subject.
~ negative form just add’not’ after the to be.
~interogative form just move the’to be’ to the first, and add’?’ in the last.
Passive sentences with two object
There are two ways to changes the active sentences that have two object,
Example: Raditya Dika give Novel Marmut Merah Jambu to Sherina.
Indirect object direct object
1. Make its indirect into the subject of the passive sentence.
= Sherina is givin Novel Marmut Merah Jambu
2. Make its direct object into the subject of the passive sentence
= Novel Marmut Mmerah Jambu is given to Sherina.
17. VOCUBULARY AROUND THE HOUSE
attic | bathroom | bedroom | kitchen | living room
Other Rooms
| Attic | People store things in the attic. |
| Ballroom | A room in stately homes where rich people dance and concerts are held. |
| Box Room | A small room used for storage. |
| Cellar | Underneath the house. |
| Cloakroom | A small room where people put their coats. |
| Conservatory | A greenhouse attached to a house for the display of plants. |
| Dining Room | |
| Drawing Room | A room in stately homes where rich people entertain. |
| Games Room | A room in large houses where games are played. |
| Hall | The entrance passage to a house. |
| Larder | A small room used for the storage of food. |
| Library | A room where books are kept. |
| Lounge | Another name for living room. |
| Music Room | A room where people play music. |
| Office | A room where people work. |
| Pantry | A small room used to store kitchen and dining items. |
| Parlour | Old fashioned word for living room. |
| Sitting Room | Another name for living room. |
| Spare Room/ Guest Room | A room where guests sleep. |
| Toilet | A room where people go to the toilet (often known as WC) |
| Utility Room | A room where appliances such as washing machines are used. |
Things you may find around the house
 |  |  |  |
| light bulb(s) | plug(s) | socket(s) | torch(es) |
 |  |  |  |
| ceiling light(s) | lamp(s) | curtain(s) | lock(s) |
 |  |  |  |
| key(s) | shelf (shelves) | (tele)phone(s) | box(es) |
 |  |  | |
| plug(s) | battery (batteries) | photo(graph)(s) | |
Naturally Speaking
ceiling | door | floor | wall | window
Here is a conversation between Mrs Smith (Joan) and husband Steve.
| It's Saturday and Joan and Steve are decorating. | |
| Joan | Steve, you missed a bit. |
| Steve | Where? |
| Joan | Here, on the wall just by the window, you can see a patch of white. |
| Steve | Oh yes, I see it. It's difficult in this light. |
| Joan | I know, well at least we have finished this room, only five more to go. |
| Steve | Are you sure you want to put wallpaper up in the lounge? |
| Joan | Yes, but don't worry, I'm really good at wallpapering. I just wish that John would decide on what he wants his room doing in. |
| Steve | I know, it's difficult when you're a boy. At least he's grown out of Star Wars, I keep thinking he'll ask for red and black or something equally gruesome. |
| Joan | Yes, but it is his room. I'm glad we decided not to move though. Maybe we should think about building an extension to the kitchen instead. |
| Steve | One thing at a time please! Lets get this decorating over and done with first. |
| Joan | Ha! Oh by the way you missed a bit by the door too! |
| Steve | Hmmm, thanks. Here's a brush. |
18. PREPOSITION IN, ON, AND AT
Preposition Usage
in You use ‘in’ with periods of times and places.
Ex :
Ω in May
Ω in winter
Ω in New York
on You use ‘on’ with specific days
Ex :
ü on Friday
ü on June 7
NOTE : America English : on the weekend OR on Weekends
at You use ‘at’ with specific times and specific places
Ex :
v At 7 o’clock
v At7.00m a.m
v At night
v At school
NOTE : British English : at the weekend OR at Weekends
of Its mean belonging to, relating to, or being part of something.
You use ‘of’ with noun and –ing forms
Ex :
a. The legs of the table
b. Of studying
off Ex :
a) Get off
b) Put off
c) Off the glass
After/before Ex :
Ø Before winter
Ø Before June
Ø After summer
Ø After lunch time
for Ex :
§ For one hour
§ For a week
§ For ages
from Ex :
From india
From 7 a.m until 9 a.m
during Ex :
v During our holiday
v During at night
in You use ‘in’ with periods of times and places.
Ex :
Ω in May
Ω in winter
Ω in New York
on You use ‘on’ with specific days
Ex :
ü on Friday
ü on June 7
NOTE : America English : on the weekend OR on Weekends
at You use ‘at’ with specific times and specific places
Ex :
v At 7 o’clock
v At7.00m a.m
v At night
v At school
NOTE : British English : at the weekend OR at Weekends
of Its mean belonging to, relating to, or being part of something.
You use ‘of’ with noun and –ing forms
Ex :
a. The legs of the table
b. Of studying
off Ex :
a) Get off
b) Put off
c) Off the glass
After/before Ex :
Ø Before winter
Ø Before June
Ø After summer
Ø After lunch time
for Ex :
§ For one hour
§ For a week
§ For ages
from Ex :
From india
From 7 a.m until 9 a.m
during Ex :
v During our holiday
v During at night
